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Introductory notes

About the Harada Sogaku School of Zen

About the Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi School of Zen

About the Harada-Yasutani School of Zen

1. Sources of information are indicated by a number in square brackets "[nn]"" and, when an internal part of the refrerence, as #nn.
2. Persons who provided data or corrections to this document are acknowledged at the bottom of this page.
3. When listed, family names are written first and given names follow the comma, e.g. 'Harada, Tangen' and 'Kapleau, Philip'.
4. Senior students who, upon completion of the ir Zen studies, declined to assume teaching responsibilities are marked with the words "declined to be a teacher".
5. Teachers who declared their independence from their formative lineage are labelled as "Left the xxx lineage (year?)".
6. Word "un" (J. "cloud"), occurring in the Buddhist teaching names is one of the hallmarks of the Sanbo Kyodan lineage. Suffixes "ken" and "an" mean "house, lineage" and "hermitage, small temple", respectively. These suffixes indicate that the holder of such teaching name can, at least potentially, continue tradition under their own "awning", as it were.
7. Some of the teachers authorised by Yamada Koun have also received additional recognition and confirmation by Kubota Akira and were acknowledged as teachers of the Sanbo Kyodan Zen school. However, there also were teachers, who were the Dharma heirs of Yamada Rōshi and who refused to subject themselves to such a testing and re-certification process.
8. For a list of non-Japanese Zen teachers authorised by Yamada Koun, see Ruben Habito's "In Memoriam - Yamada Koun Rōshi". 1990. Buddhist-Christian Studies, vol.10 (1990), pp. 231-237 for their general country locations and Zen names.
9. For a list of Japanese and other Zen teachers of the Sanbo Kyodan community see Kyosho [Awakening Gong] (a Sanbo Kyodan newsletter/publication), issues #230 (Jul 1991), #231 (Sep 1991) and #232 (Dec 1991). See also Sanbo Kyodan Home page (homepage3.nifty.com/sanbo-zen/top_e.html).
10. A detailed account of the Sanbo Kyodan Line of Zen within the context of other schools of Zen as well as Japanese 'New Religions' is provided by Robert J. Sharf. 1995. "Sanbokyodan - Zen and the Way of the New Religions". Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol 22 (3-4), Fall 1995, pp. 417-458 (downloadable in PDF format from http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/jjrs/jjrs-cumulative-list.html). Useful statistics on Sanbokyodan in Japan are found in T. Griffith Faulk, page 158, in his 'The Zen Institution in Modern Japan', pp. 157-177, a chapter in Kraft, Kenneth. 1988. Zen Tradition and Transition: an overview of Zen in the modern world. London-Melbourne: Rider.
11. For a discussion of the dual phenomena of 'Dharma Transmission' and of 'Zen lineage' see an unpublished 1994 paper by Stuart Lachs "Coming Down from the Zen Clouds: A Critique of the Current State of American Zen" (www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/~acmuller/articles/uszen3.htm) and a S. Lachs' 1999 paper "Means of Authorization: Establishing Hierarchy in Ch'an/Zen Buddhism." (www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/~acmuller/aar-bs/1999/lachs.htm).
12. For Vladimir Keremidschieff's reaction to Lachs' analysis, see Tending the Bodhi Tree: A Critique of Stuart Lachs' Means of Authorization: Establishing Hierarchy in Cha'n/Zen Buddhism in America (www.vladk.com/zenwebsite/zen%20essays/Tending_the_Bodhi_Tree.htm). For a Stuart Lachs' rejoinder see Reply to Vladimir K. (www.vladk.com/zenwebsite/zen%20essays/Lachsreplies.htm).
13. For a discussion of Zen's propensity for attracting, as well as producing people "who give up their good sense with the promise of a greater gain in the future," see S. Lachs' 2002 paper Richard Baker and the Myth of the Zen Rōshi (www.mandala.hr/5/lachs3.html).

Concepts and terms

14. Schematic progress in Zen training: (a) 'Zen student' - an aspirant, on his/her completion of the 'Jukai' being the Zen name-receiving ceremony (not a badge nor rank of attainment) [576][577]; (b) 'Dharma successor' - a seasoned Zen student, on his/her completion of the ''Denkai'' + 'Shihō' or ''Denkai'' + 'Denbō' procedure/ceremony acknowledging one as a 'Sensei' [574]; (c) 'Dharma heir' - a Dharma successor (Sensei), on his/her completion of the 'Inka Shōmei' procedure/ceremony [574];
15. Denbō - in Rinzai Zen, ceremonial full transmission of the Dharma [527][573], "acknowledgement of mastery on the Zen way." [574];
16. Denkai - ceremonial transmission of the Bodhisattva Precepts (10 precepts for the followers of East Asian Mahāyāna Buddhism in general, 16 precepts for the followers of Sōtō Zen [575][576][577]). Also, it can mean an appointment as a Junior Assistant Teacher (one that is less experienced than a Hōshi or a Sensei) [747] 'Denkai' precedes the Dharma Transmission ceremony ('Shiho' or 'Denbo') [527];
17. Dharma Holder Ð Title that signifies one's reaching an early stage (an initial transmission) of the formal process of full Dharma Transmission 'Denbo'. "A Dharma Holder may give the precepts [instructions of ethical conduct - tmc] and receive formal students through the [private] rite of 'shoken'; A Dharma Holder may not transmit their own successors" [574]. "In the White Plum Asanga, the first step in a practitioner's teaching career is to receive the rank of'Hoshi' or Dharma Holder. This usually signifies that the practitioner has completedall or a portion of the White Plum koan curriculum [emphases - tmc] and can start giving Dharma talks and seeing students in private interviewsunder the supervision [emphasis - tmc] of the ir teacher" [665];
18. Hōshi - see Dharma Holder
19. Inka Shomei - in Rinzai Zen [573], public ceremonial granting of the final seal of approval [527], "after which the teacher may be referred to by the title Rōshi" [574]. 'Inka' is conferred by a fully-fledged Zen teacher. "This is a formal recognition of senior teaching status and deep understanding of the Zen Way" [574]. It elevates transmitting teacher's "Dharma successor" to a level of the "Dharma heir". May take place "at least five years after full Dharma transmission" [574]. Ò[Th]e seal of lineage inheritance from a legitimate master" [638].
20. Jukai - becoming a Buddhist - Jukai literally means 'receiving (Ju) the precepts (Kai)'. "In a Jukai ceremony, the student vows to realize the Buddha within himself. The student is given a Buddhist name and wears a rakusu during the training from now on" [909].
21. Oshō Ð an honorific title of "a Buddhist priest (in charge of a temple)", and/or a person who may act as a Zen preceptor/instructor/teacher on the basis of "attained supervisory certification (i.e. sanzen dōjō shike status)" [587]. Designation (lit. 'harmonious respect') used mainly in Sotō Zen and Shin (Pure Land) traditions [587];
22. Rōshi Ð Japanese honorific title, the fruit of the 'Inka Shomei', used mainly in Rinzai Zen tradition, (lit. 'old teacher') that "is given in recognition of Inka Shomei and signifies senior teaching status" [574]. An equivalent of the Chinese [790] title, 'Shifu' [师傅] "Roshi means old teacher. Sensei means teacher. Hoshi means Dharma holder (assistant teacher). These are titles of respect that indicate [levels of] authorizations to teach" [664]. In Chinese Zen (Ch'an) 'Shifu' means 'master' [790].
    Not infrequently, both terms - Roshi and Shifu - are deployed as a somewhat inflated 'courtesy title'. Also, in Philip Kapleau's lineage (Rochester Zen Centre sangha), since the 1986 onwards [624], the term 'Roshi' seems to denote less the high level meditative attainments and abilities of a person and more his/her role as the superior or spiritual leader of a Zen Center or the Kapleau's Sangha. In this manner 'Rōshi' means a different way of saying 'Abbot, Abbess'', e.g. 'Sensei XYZ is the Abbot or Roshi of the centre' [964] [see also #965].
23. Sensei Ð an honorific title of the Dharma successor, on completion of the full Dharma Transmission (Denkai plus Denbo) [574];
24. Shiho - in Soto Zen, ceremonial full transmission of the Dharma [527], "acknowledgement of mastery on the Zen way" [574]. In Soto tradition 'Denbō' ceremony constitutes the final part of the 'Shiho' [573])
25. Shoken Ð The ritual (i.e. not a badge nor rank of attainment) that takes place at the Dharma holder's request. It establishes formally a mutual personal bond between a Zen student and his/her teacher [577] The student-initiated and teacher-granted formalization of their nascent teacher-student relationship [909]. "The teacher and student express confidence in each other [in order] to follow the Zen path together" [909].
26. Shukke Tokudo - Following 'Jukai', "students can choose to reaffirm the Buddhist vows by officially becoming a monk (unsui) through a Shukke Tokudo ceremony. In the old tradition this meant entering a monastery (Shukke - leaving home). Nowadays, [in the context of lay practitioners] "it means a deeper 'commitment' with the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha" [909].
    Corrections, additional data and comments will be appreciated. Granular biographical information, especially dates [preferably in 'dd mm yyyy' format] of the major milestones in the course of Zen training and the teacher's life and work, as well as information about online documents with Zen teachings are enthusiatically welcome. Please send an email to Dr T. Matthew Ciolek tmciolek@ciolek.com

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    Go to Harada Sogaku, Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi & Harada-Yasutani Schools of Zen Buddhism - References & Footnotes no. 001-200.
    Go to Harada Sogaku, Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi & Harada-Yasutani Schools of Zen Buddhism - References & Footnotes no. 201-400.
    Go to Harada Sogaku, Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi & Harada-Yasutani Schools of Zen Buddhism - References & Footnotes no. 401-600.
    Go to Harada Sogaku, Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi & Harada-Yasutani Schools of Zen Buddhism - References & Footnotes no. 601-800.
    Go to Harada Sogaku, Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi & Harada-Yasutani Schools of Zen Buddhism - References & Footnotes no. 801-1000.
    Go to Harada Sogaku, Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi & Harada-Yasutani Schools of Zen Buddhism - References & Footnotes no. 1001-1200.

    Return to Harada Sogaku, Kuroda-Osaka-Maezumi & Harada-Yasutani Schools of Zen Buddhism page.

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    Updates and corrections
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    A
    Nicholas Aalders Rōshi, Gretha Myoshin Aerts Rōshi, Paul Gyodo Agostinelli, Robert Aitken Rōshi, Tom Aitken, Robert Joshin Althouse Sensei, Barbara Alzinger, Bryan Andersen, Michael J. Andrechak, Avelino de Pablo Aragon, Kathryn Argetsinger, Arul Maria Arokiasamy (Ama Samy) S.J., Rōshi, Lance Ashdown, Allison Atwill Sensei, Bill Atwood,
    B
    John Muju Bannon, Matthew Barram, Alison Barrows Ronn, Doug Bates, Laren Hogen Bays, Chris Bell, Sarah Bender Sensei, Illana Berger Rōshi, Charles Birx Sensei, Frances Mitra Bishop Sensei, Bruce Seiryu Blackman Sensei, Joseph Bobrow Rōshi, Thomas Bolling, John Bretz, Daniel Kousen Bruner, Prof. Peter Bruza Sensei, Charley Burns,
    C
    Bob Carsons, Thayer Kyusan Case, Ray Cicetti Sensei, Richard Clarke, Marc Colbeck, Andrew Codispoti, Dr Christopher Collingwood Sensei, Kim Collins, Margo Conover, Paul Cooper, Tammy Coppens, Gillian Coote Sensei, Mary Yugen Courtney, Tina Cuyugan, Alexander Cox, Berry Crawford,
    D
    Ellen Davison Sensei, Deguchi Tetsujyo Rōshi, Pierre Delmas, Ven. Timothy Denton Sensei, Caroline DeVane, Frank Michael Diaz Sensei, Per Drougge, Wlodzislaw Duch, David Dunley, Kennyo Dunn,
    E
    Zarah M. Earles, Panos Economopoulos, Hubert Edin Rōshi, Robert Ertman Sensei,
    F
    Rev. Barry FarrinÊRōshi, Michael Fieleke Sensei, Kirk Fisher Sensei, Prof. Matt Fisher, Peter Fisher, James I. Ford Rōshi, Nelson Foster Rōshi, Cecil Fuerch,
    G
    John Gage Sensei, Daniel Gallagher, Peter Gallagher Sensei, Gregg Garfin, Mary Gates Rōshi, Kevin Paul Geiman, Jennifer Gentle, Paul Gerstein, Bernard Glassman Sensei, Alasdair Gordon-Finlayson, Steven Grant Rōshi, Adam Green, Steve Griffin, Ann Geido Grossman, Casey Anken Gsell,
    H
    Ruben Habito Rōshi, Iris Hagemann-Schimitzek, Dr James Haines, Michael Jikai Doko Hatchett, Pat Hawk Rōshi, Matt Hellige, Leslie Herzfeld, Arno Hess Kyoshi, Arlette Hitz, Chris Hoff, Hogen NN, John Edward Hoag Holmgren, Steven van der Hut,
    J
    Lou Anne Jaeger, Mary Jaksch Rōshi, Joan Yamaguchi, Jeffrey Jongeward, Robert Joyner Rōshi,
    K
    Rev. Paul Genki Kahn Rōshi, Rev. Monika GenmitsuÊKahn Rōshi, Daniel Kaplan, Alice Kelly, Vladimir Keremidschieff, Per Kielland-Lund, Bill Kish, Adam Knowles, Juhani Korhonen, Joe Koudelka, Arne Krüger, A. J. (Rusty) Kuntze II,
    L
    Stuart Lachs, Michael Ladach, Rich Lafferty, Richard Lechner, Derek LeDayn, Shuna Lennon, Miguel Leon, Ed Kenzan Levin, Ernie Lim, David Longerbeam, John Daido Loori Sensei, Albert Low Sensei, David Loy, Susan Lutzke,
    M
    Philippe Lyons, Susan McCallum, Karen McCormack, Barry Magid, Sarah Malzone, Leonard Kansho Shi'un Marcel Rōshi, Jeremy Marshall, Jason Martin, John Miller, Jan Millwood, Joseph L. Montani, Len Moskowitz, Susan Murphy Rōshi,
    N
    Tenney Nathanson Rōshi Carol Neese, Craig Daiken Nelson, Julie Seido Nelson Sensei, Steven E. Newton, Ake Nordebrand,
    O
    Rosemary O'Connell, Pat O'Hara Rōshi, William OÕNeil, Edward Keido Sanshin Oberholtzer, Kurt Oberndorfer, Regina Oberndorfer, Karin Odland, Michel Oltheten, OpenMindZen--at--aol.com, Peter A. Ott, Nicholas A. Ottavio,
    P
    Andrew Palmer Sensei, Martine Palmiter Sensei, Adam Payne, Ramon Pedrosa, Douglas Keido Kaishin San'un Phillips Rōshi, Ann Pirruccello Rōshi, Ella Prejzner, Bill Press, Dharman Craig Presson,
    R
    Wayne Rankin, Al Rapaport Sensei, Steve Reese, Timon Reichl, Fredrik Renander, Mari Rhydwen Rōshi, Rex Robertson, Marianne Roche, Roland R. Ropers, Scott Ruplin, Bob Ryan,
    S
    Timothy St. Onge Sensei, Greg Sanders, Peter Schmid, Pieter Aart Schouten, Cam Scott, Kate Sheridan, Jeff Seul Sensei, Steve Sidner, Michael Sierchio, Mushin Slawek, Stephen Slottow, Elihu Smith Sensei, Carol Spooner, Dr Michelle Spuler, Dr Manfred Steger, Jonathan Steinhart, Kees Steeneken, Dr Sei'un An Roselyn Stone Rōshi, Joan Sutherland Rōshi, Dr Lynda Swaddling,
    T
    Tommy Tabatowski, Sr. Madeleine Tacy Sensei, John Tarrant Rōshi, Daniel Terragno Rōshi, Angela Thelen, Robert Todd, Dr Will Tuladhar-Douglas,
    V
    Mark Vetanen,
    W
    Laura S. Wallace, Jeff Ward Kagetsu Kikai-ken Sensei, Watt Malcolm, David Weinstein Rōshi, Gerry Wick Rōshi, Peter Wicke, Bruce Wilson, Chris Wilson, Jeff Wilson, Marcel Wolbers, John B. Wolff Sensei, Gregory Wonderwheel,
    Z
    Michael Zickar and Michael Zimmerman Sensei.

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