[Page created: 12 Mar 2000. Page last updated: 21 Aug 2024.]
Edited by: Dr T. Matthew Cio¸ek
 Gerard Cio¸ek, Tatra Mountains, Poland, mid 1950s, by an unknown photographer. See also other photographs. |
Gerard Antoni Cio¸ek was born on 24 September 1909 in Wyýnica (aka Vyzhnytsia, Wischnitza, Wiznitz), a small town in Bukovina territory of the Austro-Hungarian empire (now Western Ukraine). His Polish parents, Adolf and Ludwika (nee Melz, aka Meltz), were landless, impoverished nobility (i.e. landless 'szlachta') from Galicia and Bukovina. His father was an official at the Austrian Tax Office, first in Kuty, then in nearby Wyýnica, in the Carpathian ranges. Following the end of World War I, and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire, Wyznica was incorporated in 1918 into Romania. Consequently, in 1921, the Cio¸eks and their children: Gerard and Irma (b. 1911), left Bukovina for the newly established Republic of Poland, and settled in the southern city of Lublin. There Gerard attended school, joined the local Boy Scouts section ("Harcerstwo"), and practiced sport (track and field, kayaking, skiing, and hikes in the Carpathian mountains).
In 1929, on graduating from the Stanis¸aw Staszic Gymnasium in Lublin, Gerard Cio¸ek embarked on tertiary studies in the country's capital, Warszawa. Initially he intended to take up drawing and painting (especially 'en plein air' watercolours and oils) at the Warszawska Akademia Sztuk Pi«knych (Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts). Eventually, however, he chose to study architecture at the Politechnika Warszawska (P.W.) (Warsaw Technical University). Architecture, in his view, was an ideal discipline as it enabled equal interaction with art, nature, and people. From 1934 onwards Gerard Cio¸ek was an Assistant to professor Oskar Sosnowski (1880-1939) of the Dept. of Polish Architecture and History of Art, School of Architecture, Politechnika Warszawska, a man under whom he deepened his studies on Polish folk architecture, and the conservation of architectural heritage. |
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Around 1937 he developed an interest in the history and design of parks and gardens. He was also interested in town-planning, regional planning, and in the harmony between human settlements and their fragile ecologies.
In June 1939 he married Regina (1917-2005), daughter of Tadeusz Najder (d. 1920) and Emilia Pollak (d. 1920), members of an extensive family of landowners, sugar refinery engineers, industrialists, doctors, lawyers, diplomats and businessmen from Kiev and south-western Ukraine, which was then part of the Russian empire. The family, over the preceding decades, brought together Polish, Austrian, German, Czech, Latvian, Moldavian, and Armenian heritage. The family and its world became almost completely annihilated during the Bolshevik Revolution of the 1917, and the subsequent Civil War in Russia. In September 1939, during World War II, Gerard Cio¸ek served in the Polish Army as a Second Lieutenant (2Lt) in an air-defence unit in Wilno. Between 1940-1944, during the Nazi and Soviet occupation, he lived in German-held Warszawa. There he joined in May 1940 the Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army). For most of the time he served in the Wojskowe Biuro Historyczne (WBH) of Biuro Informacji i Propagandy (BiP), Komenda Gl—wna Zwiazku Walki Zbrojnej Đ Armii Krajowej (KG ZWZ Đ AK). For his pseudonym, while in the Resistance, he chose 'Biala': his clan's ancient battle-cry. At the same time he was a lecturer in architecture and town planning at the underground (i.e. proscribed by the Nazis) Politechnika Warszawska. In March 1944 he obtained a doctorate from that university for his research on the effect of the physical environment on the forms of villages and folk architecture in Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. In August-September 1944 he took part in the Warsaw Uprising, serving as the head of the cartography section, Warsaw District Command, ZWZ Đ AK. Additionally Gerard Cio¸ek was charged with organisation of civil defence of the Biblioteka Ordynacji KrasiÄskich holdings (a priceless collection of old books, maps and manuscripts) at 9 Ok—lnik Street, Powićle. He also took part in technical preparations for the battle for the SS-held PASTa skyscraper, Srodmiescie. Following the defeat of the uprising he was interned in German POW camps: Stalag XI-B camps in Bergen Belsen, Lower Saxony; Oflag II-D camp in Grossborn, Pomerania; Stalag XB camp in Sandbostel, Lower Saxony and, finally, Oflag X-C camp (Luebeck/Bad Schwartau), Schleswig-Holstein. After the end of WWII in Europe, and a brief service with the Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade (SBS) stationed in in the area of Meppen and Bersenbruck in Lower Saxony, he returned to war-devastated Poland in December 1945. He was reunited with his wife and the first their three children, Krzysztof Oskar (1940-1953) in Olsztyn. In February 1946 the family returned to Warszawa. Between 1946 and his death in 1966 Gerard Cio¸ek was a lecturer at the School of Architecture at the Politechnika Warszawska. In 1946 he headed the Nature Conservation and National Culture Preservation division of the Ministry of Culture and Arts. From 1948 onwards he was also professor of Urban Planning and Landscape Design at the Politechnika Krakowska (Krak—w Technical University). In the early 1950s he designed (together with Anna Gorska, Jan Olaf Chmielewski, Andrzej/J«drzej Czarniak i Jerzy MokrzyÄski) a tourist chalet in the Tatra Mountains, the 'Schronisko G—rskie PTTK w Dolinie Pi«ciu Staw—w Polskich' (opened in 1954). During those 20 years of work in Krak—w and Warsaw he taught students at both universities, supervised some 14 PhD dissertations, worked on the reconstruction of over 100 historical parks in Poland (including the monumental parks of Arkadia, Baran—w Sandomierski, Krasiczyn, Lubart—w, Niebor—w, Rogalin, and above all, of the Royal Park in Wilan—w), was a member of the State Council for the Nature Conservation (Panstwowa Rada Ochrony Przyrody, PROP), as well as served on the Boards of Directors of the Tatra Mountains National Park (TPN), and of the Pieniny Mountains National Park (PPN), and wrote 115 research papers, articles and books. He is best known for his ground-breaking work: Ogrody Polskie (Gardens of Poland), published in 1954. In 1958 his manifold achievements in teaching, research, design, conservation, and planning were awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (Krzyz Kawalerski Orderu Odrodzenia Polski). A few years years later, in 1965 he embarked on two of his largest projects yet: a history of monastic architecture in Poland over the past 1,000 years; and an encyclopaedia of world gardens and garden design. However, he died the next year, without ever completing the work. These, and other unpublished research materials have been catalogued and archived as the Teki Ciolka (Cio¸ek Files) at the Krajowy Oćrodek Badan i Dokumentacji Zabytkow (KOBIDZ) (National Heritage Research and Documentation Centre), now Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa (NID) (National Heritage Board of Poland) in Warszawa. Gerard Antoni Cio¸ek died on February 15, 1966 while skiing in the Tatra Mountains, in Zakopane, Poland. He was survived by his wife Regina, and by their two younger sons, Tadeusz Maciej (since 1972, T. Matthew) (b. 1947) - an anthropologist and information architect, and Tomasz Pawe¸ (b. 1949) - an architect and designer. Gerard Cio¸ek's grave (# 93-IV-9) is situated at the Old Powzki Cemetery, Warszawa. On 27 January 1989 Zarzad G¸owny Stowarzyszenia Konserwatorow Zabytkow (The Office of the Association of Conservators of National Monuments) (SKZ) in Warszawa established the "Nagroda im Gerarda Ciolka" (Gerard Cio¸ek Prize) to be awarded biennially (from 1990 onwards) to persons with outstanding achievements in the field of conservation and protection of monuments of nature, culture, and history. 
The Prize medal's obverse (L) and reverse (R) The Prize's winners:
1989 - mgr. Wanda Genga, Krak—w.
Gerard Cio¸ek's legacy continues.
Tekst/Text (c) by T. Matthew Cio¸ek, 12 Mar 2000. |
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O GERARDZIE CIOüKU (1909-1966) - W 50 ROCZNIC˘ ĺMIERCI
[Poniższy tekst (T.M. Ciołek 2016) został użyty z drobnymi modifikacjami i uzupełnieniami [w:] Tadeusz Maciej Ciołek, Gerard Ciołek i przyjaciele: Kalendarium życia i pracy 25 pasterzy krajobrazu i zabytków [Gerard Ciołek and friends: A timeline of life and work of 25 shepherds of landscape and monuments]. Kraków: Wydawnictwa Politechniki Krakowskiej, 2019. Dwa tomy, razem 800 stron druku, ISBN 978-83-65991-79-9 (a book in Polish). Rozdział 1, Gerard Ciołek oraz jego przyjaciele i koledzy (s. 37-42)] Gerard Antoni Cio¸ek - architekt, urbanista, badacz budownictwa ludowego, projektant skansen—w, historyk sztuki, konserwator zabytk—w i krajobrazu, historyk i planista ogrod—w oraz rzecznik ochrony przyrody - urodzi¸ si« 24 IX 1909 w Wyýnicy, Wschodnie Karpaty, Austro-W«gierska Bukowina; zmar¸ 15 II 1966 w Tatrach, Zakopane. G.C. by¸ synem lokalnego urz«dnika skarbowego, rodem z ubogiej sandomierskiej szlachty przyby¸ej z rosyjskiego zaboru na austriack Bukowin« ok. 1831 r. po upadku powstania listopadowego. Polsk szko¸« powszechn G.C. skoÄczy¸ w Wyýnicy. Potem uczy¸ si« w rumuÄskich Czerniowcach, a nast«pnie (od 1921) w Polsce, w Gimnazjum im. St. Staszica w Lublinie. Tam wćr—d bliskich koleg—w szkolnych znalezli si« takýe przyszli architekci Stefan du Chateau (1908-1999) i Czes¸aw Gawdzik (1910Đ1993) oraz fotografowie Edward Hartwig (1909-2003) i Feliks Kaczanowski (1909Đ1984). W latach 1922-1929 G.C. by¸ harcerzem 1 Lubelskiej DH, "B¸«kitnej Jedynki", w kt—rej to w 1928 pe¸ni¸ funkcje przybocznego druýynowego. Pocztkowo planowa¸ studia malarskie na ASP w Warszawie, kt—re chcia¸ uzupe¸niŤ dodatkowym wyjazdem do Wiednia lub Paryýa; jesieni 1929 mia¸ w Lublinie wystaw« swych akwarel i olejnych prac z pleneru - g—rskie krajobrazy. Jednakowoý po maturze w 1929 podj¸ studia na Wydziale Architektury na Politechnice Warszawskiej.Ę W sierpniu 1933 po rocznym kursie dla podchorýych w 13 Kresowej Dywizji Piechoty, R—wne, Wo¸yÄ, otrzyma¸ stopieÄ Podporucznika Rezerwy. W latach 1934-1939 podj¸ bezp¸atne obowizki wpierw asystenta a nast«pnie instruktora (pomocniczego pracownika) u prof. Oskara Sosnowskiego (1880-1939), Zak¸ad Architektury Polskiej i Historii Sztuki (ZAP), Wydzia¸ Architektury PW. Tamýe od 1937, juý jako starszy asystent, rozpocz¸ samodzielne badania w ramach ćwieýo za¸oýonego Studium Architektury Ogrodowej. W ZAP PW jego mentorami i kolegami byli: O. Sosnowski, Piotr BiegaÄski, Zbigniew Dmochowski, Andrzej DomaÄski, Bohdan Guerquin, Stanis¸aw Herbst, Witold Kieszkowski, Witold Krassowski, Maria Markiewicz, Franciszek Piaćcik, Micha¸ Walicki oraz Jan Zachwatowicz. W czasie studi—w by¸ cz¸onkiem Akademickiego Zwizku Sportowego (lekkoatletyka, narciarstwo i ýeglarstwo). Od 1931 by¸ cz¸onkiem Polskiego Towarzystwa TatrzaÄskiego (PTT), a od p—znych lat 1930tych naleýa¸ do Towarzystwa Opieki nad Zabytkami Przesz¸oćci (TOnZP) i Polskiego Towarzystwa Krajoznawczego (PTK), a od grudnia 1950, do PTTK. W maju 1936 G.C. ukoÄczy¸ studia i otrzyma¸ stopieÄ inýyniera architekta na podstawie pracy dyplomowej "Projekt parku rozrywek kulturalnych i wypoczynku" przygotowanej pod nadzorem prof. Franciszka Krzywdy-Polkowskiego (1881-1949). W 1936 wstpi¸ do Stowarzyszenie Architekt—w RP (SARP) oraz Towarzystwa Urbanist—w Polskich (TUP). Jako stypendysta Funduszu Kultury Narodowej G.C. w 1937 i 1938 odby¸ podr—ýe naukowe (zasady kszta¸towania park—w i krajobraz—w) do Finlandii, Szwecji, Norwegii, Danii, Niemiec i Austrii. W czerwcu 1939 r. poćlubi¸ Regin« Najder, pochodzc z rodziny ziemiaÄskiej z Zachodniej Ukrainy i Wo¸ynia. We wrzećniu 1939 roku jako dow—dca plutonu ckm, 6 Pu¸k Piechoty, s¸uýy¸ w obronie przeciwlotniczej Wilna. Po przegranej kampanii i unikni«ciu niewoli w sowieckich obozach wr—ci¸ pieszo okr«ýn drog (ok. 600 km) - via Druskienniki i Kowel - do Lwowa (tam odnalaz¸ sw ýon«, Regin«), by w styczniu 1940 (noc, po lodzie, pod obstrza¸em przez patrol NKWD, przez sowiecko-niemieck granic« na Bugu) - via Krasnystaw i Lublin - dotrzeŤ wczesn wiosn 1940 do okupowanej Warszawy. Tam przez nast«pne 53 miesice (wiosna 1940-lato 1944) G.C. bra¸ udzia¸ w pracy naukowej (jako asystent w tajnym Zak¸adzie Architektury Polskiej WA, prowadzonym - po ćmierci (1939) prof. Sosnowskiego - przez J. Zachwatowicza) i w nauczaniu na Tajnej Politechnice Warszawskiej prowadzonej przez Rektora prof. Kazimierza Drewnowskiego (1881-1952). G.C. pracowa¸ w tym celu w czterech warszawskich ćrednich szko¸ach technicznych (konspiracyjnie akredytowanych przy WA PW) jako wyk¸adowca technik budowlanych, zasad kompozycji i projektowania ogrod—w, urbanistyki miast i wsi oraz metod inwentaryzacji i konserwacji zabytk—w. Innymi wyk¸adowcami tajnego Wydzia¸u Architektury byli Piotr BiegaÄski, Aleksander Bojemski, Stefan Bry¸a, Urszula i Adolf Ciborowscy, Bohdan Guerquin, Romuald Gutt, Stanis¸aw Herbst, Zygmunt KamiÄski, Franciszek Krzywda-Polkowski, Marian Lalewicz, Kazimierz Marczewski, Zdzis¸aw MczeÄski, Maciej Nowicki, Wojciech Onitzch, Franciszek Piaćcik, Bohdan Pniewski, Wenczes¸aw Poniý, Rudolf ĺmia¸owski, Rudolf ĺwierczyÄski, Tadeusz To¸wiÄski, Gustaw TrzciÄski, Kazimierz Wejchert oraz Jan Zachwatowicz. W kwietniu 1940 urodzi¸ si« jego pierwszy syn, Krzysztof Oskar (1940-1953). W maju 1940 G.C. wstpi¸ do konspiracji. Do 1944 r. s¸uýy¸ (pod dow—dztwem Stanis¸awa P¸oskiego) jako analityk i archiwista w Wojskowym Biurze Historycznym (WBH), Biuro Informacji i Propagandy, Komenda G¸—wna Zwizku Walki Zbrojnej Đ Armii Krajowej (BIP KG ZWZ Đ AK). W marcu 1944 roku G.C. obroni¸ na PW prac« doktorsk pt. "Regiony budownictwa wiejskiego w Polsce" napisan pod kierunkiem prof. Tadeusza To¸wiÄskiego (1887-1951). Referentem rozprawy doktorskiej by¸ Jan Zachwatowicz, a egzaminatorami prof. Marian Lalewicz i prof. Bohdan Pniewski. W kwietniu 1944 KG AK mianowa¸a G.C. dow—dc obrony (i ochrony) budynku Biblioteki Ordynacji KrasiÄskich BOK, ul. Ok—lnik 9, Powićle zawierajcym bezcenne dla kultury europejskiej i polskiej zbiory archiwalne, graficzne i biblioteczne. W sierpniu-pazdzierniku 1944 G.C. (ps. "Bia¸a) walczy¸ w Powstaniu Warszawskim. Opr—cz codziennej odpowiedzialnoćci za bezpieczeÄstwo ¸atwopalnych zbior—w BOK, G.C. pe¸ni¸ funkcj« szefa Referatu Kartograficznego, III Wydzia¸ Operacyjny, Okr«g Warszawski AK. Tam, w pierwszym tygodniu sierpnia G.C. wraz z podkomendnymi - iný. Mari-Tadeuszem Gancarczykiem (ps. "Maryć"), iný. Stanis¸awem Kolendo, dr. iný. Kazimierzem Wejchertem (ps. "Kit") oraz plut. Kazimierzem Raczko (ps. "Karp") - opracowa¸ dla Warszawy dwu-obszarowy (dla teren—w na p—lnoc i po¸udnie od prawie nie-przekraczalnych Alei Jerozolimskich) plan ¸cznoćci dowodzenia (linia telefoniczna, goÄcy) i transportu (oddzia¸y powstaÄcze, ranni, cywilni specjalićci i materia¸y) w oparciu o labirynt kana¸—w kanalizacyjnych i burzowc—w ¸czcych Mokot—w, ĺr—dmiećcie, Stare Miasto i űoliborz. Plan ten natychmiast zosta¸ wdroýony w ýycie. Nast«pnie, wraz z swym zespo¸em, G.C. krećli¸ codzienne mapy sytuacyjne oraz uczestniczy¸ (pod kierunkiem Jana Zachwatowicza) w akcji zabezpieczania opuszczonego w zbombardowanych budynkach mieszkalnych ruchomego dziedzictwa kulturowego. G.C. (awansowany na porucznika) po upadku powstania w pazdzierniku 1944 zosta¸ wywieziony wraz innymi powstaÄcami do obozu jenieckiego w Bergen-Belsen (Stalag XI-B), Dolna Saksonia. W Bergen-Belsen G.C. kontynuowa¸ prac« nad rozpocz«tym jeszcze w 1943 r«kopisem pt. "Teoria kompozycji ogrodowej". Tamýe, uýywajc papier odzyskany z makulatury, rozpocz¸ prac« nad dwoma innymi studiami. W styczniu 1945 internowani AKowcy zostali przewiezieni pocigami na Pomorze, do Grossborn (Oflag II-D), z kt—rego to obozu w par« dni p—zniej, niespodziewanie, w obliczu ofensywy Armii Czerwonej, rozpocz«li w 20 stopniowych mrozach forsowny pieszy marsz (styczeÄ-marzec, ok. 600 km) na zach—d, wpierw do Sandbostel (Stalag X-B), Dolna Saksonia, a w kwietniu dalej pieszo, surrealistycznie kr«t drog (dodatkowo ok. 140 km) do pobliskiej Lubeki/Bad Schwartau (Oflag X-C), Szlezwik-Holsztyn. Po wyzwoleniu Oflagu przez wojska brytyjskie (2 maja 1945) G.C. opracowa¸ plany zagospodarowania kwatery z 250-300 polskimi wojennymi grobami (sekcja D) na cmentarzu Vorwerk w Lubece, podj¸ wsp—¸prac« z uwolnionym z Dachau rektorem K. Drewnowskim przy otworzeniu finansowanego przez Polskie Si¸y Zbrojne na Zachodzie belgijskiego Oćrodka Wyýszych Studi—w Polskich (OWSP) w Brukseli, i wstpi¸ (koniec lata 1945) w szeregi polskiej 1szej Samodzielnej Brygady Spadochronowej (1SBS). Tam, jako kontraktowy wyk¸adowca zaprojektowa¸ i poprowadzi¸ w Bramsche (k. Lingen/Ems) (Dolna Saksonia) 2 miesi«czny kurs zawodowy dla ýo¸nierzy w zakresie technik budowlanych i konstrukcyjnych. Po ukoÄczeniu tych obowizk—w G.C. wr—ci¸ do kraju w grudniu 1945 roku. Od stycznia 1946 pracowa¸ na stanowiskach architekta w Biurze Odbudowy Stolicy (BOS), a nast«pnie konserwatora, rzeczoznawcy i radcy ministra w zakresie planowania teren—w zielonych, Wydzia¸ Ochrony ĺrodowiska i Swojszczyzny, Naczelna Dyrekcja Muze—w i Ochrony Zabytk—w, Ministerstwo Kultury i Sztuki i jednoczećnie, adiunkta w Katedrze Architektury Ogrod—w, Katedra i Zak¸ad Urbanistyki, WA PW. W 1946 r. zosta¸ cz¸onkiem Zwizku Historyk—w Sztuki i Kultury (ZHSK)/ p—zniej Stowarzyszenie Historyk—w Sztuki (SHS). W 1947 urodzi¸ si« jego drugi syn, Tadeusz Maciej, a w 1949, syn trzeci - Tomasz Pawe¸. W 1948 r., w zwizku z rosncym upolitycznieniem warszawskich ćrodowisk urbanistycznych i architektonicznych, G.C., za zaproszeniem prof. To¸wiÄskiego, przeni—s¸ wi«kszoćŤ swego zawodowego ýycia do Krakowa. Tam we wrzećniu 1948 roku podj¸ obowizki zast«pcy Profesora i Kierownika Katedry Planowania Wst«pnego, nast«pnie, po ćmierci prof. To¸wiÄskiego w 1951 r., profesora i kierownika Katedry Planowania Przestrzennego (formalnie od wrzećnia 1953), a od pazdziernika 1963 r. Katedry Planowania Krajobrazu i Teren—w Zielonych na Wydziale Architektury (1945-1954 AGH; od 1954, Politechnika Krakowska). W 1954 zosta¸ mianowany Profesorem Nadzwyczajnym, a w 1965 Profesorem Zwyczajnym tejýe Politechniki. Od 1955 by¸ cz¸onkiem Rady TatrzaÄskiego Parku Narodowego (TPN) oraz Rady PieniÄskiego Parku Narodowego (PPN), a od 1957 cz¸onkiem Komitetu Zagospodarowania Ziem G—rskich PAN. W nadziei na ewentualny powr—t do Warszawy G.C. przez 17 lat sprawiedliwie dzieli¸ sw—j czas mi«dzy obowizkami w Krakowie, Tatrach i Pieninach a rodzinnym domem i prac zawodow w stolicy. W Warszawie G.C. prowadzi¸ wyk¸ady zlecone na temat planowania i ochrony krajobrazu, a takýe na temat teorii i zasad kompozycji/projektowania ogrod—w jako kontraktowy wyk¸adowca (1948-1965) na Wydziale Architektury PW oraz (1948-1959) na Wydziale Ogrodnictwa, p—zniej w Katedrze Projektowania Teren—w Zieleni, Szko¸a G¸—wnej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego SGGW. W obydwu metropoliach G.C. kontynuowa¸ badania w zakresie historii i teorii ogrod—w, budownictwa wiejskiego, konserwacji zabytk—w, planowania i kszta¸towania krajobrazu oraz ochrony przyrody. W 1957, jako stypendysta Ministerstwa Szkolnictwa Wyzszego, wyjecha¸ na 2 miesi«czn wycieczk« naukowa (zasady kszta¸towania park—w i teren—w zielonych) do Austrii, Szwajcarii, Francji i W¸och; w 1959 wraz z ýon na na prywatnie finansowan wycieczk« naukow (muzea i architektura antyku) do W«gier, Rumunii, Bulgarii, Turcji, Grecji i Austrii; a w 1962, zn—w jako stypendysta Ministerstwa Szkolnictwa Wyýszego, na 5 tygodniow wycieczk« naukow do Moskwy i Leningradu (Rosja), Erewania (Armenia), Tbilisi (Gruzja), Suchumi (Abhazja), Soczi, Odessy, Kijowa, Zofi—wki i Lwowa (Ukraina). W latach 1936-1965 G.C. przygotowa¸ ponad 100 analiz, plan—w i projekt—w (w tym dla rekonstrukcji parkowych za¸oýeÄ takich jak Arkadia, Baran—w, Choroszcza, Koz¸—wka, Krasiczyn, Kr—likarnia w Warszawie, üaÄcut, Lubart—w, Niebor—w, Ogr—d Uniwersytecki w Warszawie, Pa¸ac RaczyÄskich w Warszawie, Prezydium Rady Ministr—w w Warszawie, Pszczyna, Pu¸awy, Rogalin i Wilan—w). W latach 1938-1984 G.C. opublikowa¸ 114 prac, w tym m.in. "Ogrody polskie" (1954), "Zarys historii kompozycji ogrodowej w Polsce" (1955), "Zasady ochrony i kszta¸towania krajobrazu" (1963), G.C. wraz z A. LiczbiÄskim i S. Mi¸oszewskim "Rejestr ogrod—w polskich - Z dziej—w kartografii ogrod—w" (1965), oraz poćmiertnie (G.C. wraz z W. Plapisem) "Materia¸y do s¸ownika tworc—w ogrod—w polskich" (1968) i wreszcie, "Regionalizm w budownictwie wiejskim w Polsce" (1984). Spućcizna po G.C. zgromadzona w 1968 r. w tzw. "Tekach Cio¸ka" przez Oćrodek Dokumentacji Zabytk—w / obecny Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa (NID) w Warszawie obejmuje ponad 8 500 teczek n.t. indywidualnych obiekt—w parkowych w obecnej jak i historycznej Polsce (kaýda teczka z wycigami bibliograficznymi i archiwalnymi oraz zwizanymi materia¸ami ikonograficznymi); 7 200 plan—w i rysunk—w za¸oýeÄ ogrodowych; ksi«gozbi—r specjalistyczny (580 wolumin—w) oraz zbi—r oko¸o 6 500 fotograficznych negatyw—w. Ca¸oćŤ znajduje si« na ponad 16.5 mb. p—¸ek. W lutym 1966 r, po otrzymaniu w szpitalu w Warszawie diagnozy ci«ýkiej (ale operowalnej) choroby serca, G.C. pojecha¸ na odpoczynek i narty do Zakopanego. We wtorek 15 lutego 1966 przy drugim tego dnia zjezdzie z Kasprowego Wierchu, zmar¸ na szlaku narciarskim Hala Gsienicowa-Kuznice. Gerard Cio¸ek jest pochowany w Warszawie, na Starych Powzkach - gr—b 4, rzd 9, w kwaterze 93. W uroczystoćciach pogrzebowych G.C. wzi«¸o udzia¸ oko¸o p—¸ tysica os—b przyby¸ych ze wszystkich stron Polski.
WYBRANA LITERATURA:
ABOUT GERARD CIOüEK (1909-1966) - ON THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS DEATH [Text below (T.M. Ciołek 2016, transl. S. Sikora 2018) was used with minor modifications and amplifications [in:] Tadeusz Maciej Ciołek, Gerard Ciołek i przyjaciele: Kalendarium życia i pracy 25 pasterzy krajobrazu i zabytków [Gerard Ciołek and friends: A timeline of life and work of 25 shepherds of landscape and monuments]. Kraków: Wydawnictwa Politechniki Krakowskiej, 2019. Two vols., total 800 pp. ISBN 978-83-65991-79-9 (a book in Polish). Summary, Gerard Ciołek, his friends and associates (p. 663-669)] Gerard Antoni Cio¸ek Đ an architect, urban planner, expert on traditional folk architecture and designer of skansens, historian of art, conservationist of historic buildings and landscapes as well as a promoter of environmental protection Đ was born on 24th September, 1909, in Wyýnica, a town in the Eastern Carpathian region of Bukovina in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and died on 15th February, 1966 in Zakopane, in the Tatra Mountains. Gerard Cio¸ekŐs father was a local tax-revenue officer descending from impoverished nobility with roots in the Sandomierz region. His family had moved from Russian-held Poland to Austrian Bukovina around 1831, after the fall of the November Uprising. Gerard Cio¸ek attended primary school in Wyýnica and continued his education in Czerniowce, in Rumania at the time, and then at the Stanis¸aw Staszic Gymnasium [Grammar School] in Lublin. Among his closest school friends were future architects Stefan du Chateau (1908-1999) and Czes¸aw Gawdzik (1910Đ1993), and future photographers Edward Hartwig (1909-2003) and Feliks Kaczanowski (1909Đ1984). In the years 1922-1929, Gerard Cio¸ek was active in LublinŐs ŇThe First BlueÓ scout troop, serving in 1928 as its deputy leader. He had initially intended to study painting at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, with plans to continue in Vienna or Paris. In 1927, he had an exhibition in Lublin of his oil and watercolour paintings of mountain landscapes. However, on graduating from grammar school in 1929, he enrolled at the Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw Technical University. In August 1933, after a year-long officer-cadet course at 13 Kresowa Dywizja Piechoty [13th Borderlands Infantry Division] in R—wne (today in Ukraine), he obtained the rank of second lieutenant of the Reserve. In the years 1934Đ1939 he worked for Prof. Oskar Sosnowski (b. 1880, d. 1939), first as assistant without pay and then as instructor, at the Department of Polish Architecture and History of Art in the Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw Technical University. From 1937 onwards, he conducted his own research within the framework of the newly-inaugurated Garden Architecture Study Programme. At the Department, his mentors and colleagues were Oskar Sosnowski, Piotr BiegaÄski, Zbigniew Dmochowski, Andrzej DomaÄski, Bohdan Guerquin, Stanis¸aw Herbst, Witold Kieszkowski, Witold Krassowski, Maria Markiewicz, Franciszek Piaćcik, Micha¸ Walicki and Jan Zachwatowicz. Still in his undergraduate days, he belonged to the AZS Academic Sporting Union, practicing track and field disciplines as well as skiing and sailing. In 1931 he joined Polskie Towarzystwo TatrzaÄskie [the Polish Tatra Society] PTT. From the late 1930s onwards he was active in Towarzystwo Opieki nad Zabytkami Przesz¸oćci [the Society for the Protection of Monuments of the Past] and in Polskie Towarzystwo Krajoznawcze [the Society for Appreciation of Polish Land and History] PTK, and, following a PTT and PTK merger in December 1950, in the resultant PTTK [Polish Tourism and Sightseeing Society]. In May 1936 Gerard Cio¸ek graduated from the Warsaw Technical University with a diploma of architect, after submitting a diploma project ŇProjekt parku rozrywek kulturalnych i wypoczynku [A design solution for a park for cultural and leisure activities]Ó supervised by Prof. Franciszek Krzywda-Polkowski (1881-1949). In 1936 he was admitted into the Polish ArchitectsŐ Association (SARP) and the Polish Urban PlannersŐ Association (TUP). On grants from the National Culture Fund, Gerard Cio¸ek went to Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark in 1937 and to Germany and Austria in 1938, where he researched the organisation of open air museums as well as the principles of garden and landscape design. In June 1939 he married Regina Najder, from a family of landowners from the Polish Borderlands and Volhynya. In September 1939 he fought in defence of the city of Wilno (now in Lithuania). He served as leader of a heavy-machine-gun platoon in an anti-aircraft battery of the 6th Infantry Regiment. After PolandŐs defeat by coordinated attacks of German and Soviet armies, to avoid being captured by the Soviets, he walked 600 km taking a roundabout route, via Druskienniki and Kowel, to Lw—w. There he was reunited his wife Regina. On a moonless night in January 1940, under gunfire from NKVD border guards, they crossed SovietĐGerman frontier on the ice-bound Bug river. With stops in Krasnystaw and Lublin, they reached the Nazi-occupied Warsaw in the early spring of 1940. There, over the next 53 months (from spring 1940 till the summer of 1944) Cio¸ek conducted research as assistant to Jan Zachwatowicz, who had become head of the Department of Polish Architecture following Prof. SosnowskiŐs death in September 1939. Cio¸ek also taught clandestine classes offered by the underground Warsaw Technical University, with Prof. Kazimierz Drewnowski (1881Đ1952) as its Rector. As a cover, he was employed as an instructor by four different vocational technical schools operating in the open, but secretly affiliated to the underground Faculty of Architecture. He taught building techniques, garden design, urban and rural planning, as well as methods of documentation and preservation of monuments of the past. The other lecturers at the underground Faculty of Architecture were Piotr BiegaÄski, Aleksander Bojemski, Stefan Bry¸a, Urszula and Adolf Ciborowski, Bohdan Guerquin, Romuald Gutt, Stanis¸aw Herbst, Zygmunt KamiÄski, Franciszek Krzywda-Polkowski, Marian Lalewicz, Kazimierz Marczewski, Zdzis¸aw MczeÄski, Maciej Nowicki, Wojciech Onitzch, Franciszek Piaćcik, Bohdan Pniewski, Wenczes¸aw Poniý, Rudolf ĺmia¸owski, Rudolf ĺwierczyÄski, Tadeusz To¸wiÄski, Gustaw TrzciÄski, Kazimierz Wejchert, and Jan Zachwatowicz. In April 1940, Gerard and ReginaŐs first son was born, named Krzysztof Oskar (1940Đ1953). In May of the same year, Gerard joined the underground resistance movement. Until 1944 he served, under the command of Stanis¸aw P¸oski, as analyst and archivist at Wojskowe Biuro Historyczne [Military Historic Bureau] within the Bureau of Information and Propaganda, the Main Headquarter of the Zwizek Walki Zbrojnej [Union of Armed Struggle] Đ The Home Army. In March 1944 he defended his PhD dissertation at the Warsaw Technical University titled "Regiony budownictwa wiejskiego w Polsce" [The regions of traditional rural architecture in Poland], written under the supervision of Prof. Tadeusz To¸wiÄski (1887Đ1951). Its reviewer was Jan Zachwatowicz, and the examiners were Prof. Marian Lalewicz and Prof. Bohdan Pniewski. In April 1944 Gerard Cio¸ek was appointed by the Home Army as civil defence commander of Biblioteka Ordynacji KrasiÄskich [The KrasiÄski Family Trust Library] at 9, Ok—lnik Street in WarsawŐs Powićle. Its extensive archival, pictorial and book collections were an essential part of the shared European and Polish cultural heritage. Second Lieutenant Cio¸ek (code name ŇBia¸aÓ) fought in the Warsaw Uprising from its outbreak on 1st August until its bitter end in early October 1944. Apart from his duties of protecting the historic papers at the KrasiÄski Trust Library he was also Staff Officer of the 3rd (Operations) Department, Warsaw District HQ of the Home Army, where he headed the Cartography Section. There, his main task was to draft daily situation maps. Furthermore, in collaboration with his subordinates Đ Maria-Tadeusz Gancarczyk (code name "Maryć"), Stanis¸aw Kolendo (a civilian), Kazimierz Wejchert ("Kit") and Kazimierz Raczko ("Karp") Đ he devised an audacious plan for using WarsawŐs network of over 100 km of sewers and storm canals for the purposes of the Home ArmyŐs communications, command and control system. Two categories of separate underground passages were devised for both the southern and northern areas of the city that was split in half by the east-west thoroughfare of Aleje Jerozolimskie, which remained under almost complete German control. The first group of passages was dedicated to communication through dispatch runners and specially installed telephone lines. The second was reserved for the movement of insurgent units, wounded combatants, civil specialists and transportation of materiel. The plan, completed within 3 days of receiving the order, was immediately accepted by his superiors and put to an intensive use. As his fourth responsibility, Cio¸ek collected and secured items of cultural heritage left behind in bombed-out residential and municipal buildings. This was done under the guidance of Jan Zachwatowicz, who at the request of the Polish Underground Government had assembled an ad-hoc salvage team of art historians and architects. After the fall of the Warsaw Uprising, Gerard Cio¸ek, now in the rank of lieutenant, was transported with other combatants to a prisoner-of-war camp in Bergen-Belsen, Stalag XI-B, in Lower Saxony. While in the camp, he resumed work on the manuscript of a study he had begun in 1943, Teoria Kompozycji Ogrodowej [The Theory of Garden Composition]. Additionally, on any scrap of paper he could lay his hands on, he drafted two papers Đ one on the location of 17th century Polish fortifications in the Eastern Borderlands and the other on the methodology of the eventual restoration of historic buildings in ruined Warsaw. In January 1945, the Home Army POWs were transported by rail to Pomerania, to Oflag II-D in Grossborn. Unexpectedly, just a few days later in the face of the imminent Soviet offensive, they were sent on a gruelling march back to the west. From January to March, in temperatures as low as minus 20 Celsius, they plodded for days on end, covering a distance of 600 km to Stalag X-B in Sandbostel, Lower Saxony. In April they were sent on another trek of 140 km, this time to Oflag X-C in Bad Schwartau near Lźbeck, Schleswig Holstein. Following the OflagŐs liberation by the British Army (on 2nd May, 1945), Gerard Cio¸ek drafted a plan for landscaping the surroundings of some 250-300 Polish war graves in Section D of the Vorwerk Cemetery in Lźbeck. Next, he collaborated with the Warsaw Technical UniversityŐs Rector K. Drewnowski on setting up a Centre for Higher Polish Education in Brussels, financed by the Polish Armed Forces in the West. In the late summer of 1945 he joined the ranks of the 1st (Polish) Independent Parachute Brigade, then garrisoned in Lower Saxony. There, as a contract lecturer in Bramsche near Lingen/Ems, he designed and tought a two-month vocational course for soldiers on building techniques. On completing those duties Gerard Cio¸ek returned to Warsaw in December 1945. Starting from January 1946 he worked as an architect at Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy [the Bureau for the Rebuilding of the Capital]. Later he served as expert on landscape design and protection matters at the Ministry of Culture and Art, in the Department of Environmental and Heritage Protection, a branch of the Main Directorate of Museums and Monuments Protection. Simultaneously, he was Adjunct within the Chair of the Architecture of Gardens of the Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture, at the Warsaw Technical University. In 1946 he became a member of Stowarzyszenie Historyk—w Sztuki SHS [the Association of Art Historians]. In 1947 and 1949, Tadeusz Maciej and Tomasz Pawe¸, his second and third sons, were born. In 1948, as WarsawŐs community of urban planners and architects was being increasingly invaded by politics, Gerard Cio¸ek, on Prof. To¸wiÄskiŐs invitation, transferred most of his professional activity to Krak—w. In September 1948 he became deputy head of the Chair of Urban Pre-Planning, and after Prof. To¸wiÄskiŐs death in 1951 he became Chair of Spatial Planning (formally appointed to the post in 1953), and from October 1963, Chair of Landscape and Green Areas Planning within the Faculty of Architecture (in the years 1945Đ1954 part of Krak—wŐs Academy of Mining and Metallurgy and from 1954 of the newly established Technical University of Krak—w). In 1954, he was nominated Associate Professor, and became Full Professor at that University in 1965. From 1955 he was a member of the Council of the Tatra National Park and that of the Pieniny National Park, and from 1957 he sat on the Committee for the Development of Mountainous Areas at the Polish Academy of Sciences. Hoping to return to Warsaw one day, for 17 years Gerard Cio¸ek shared his time fairly between his duties in Krak—w, the Tatra and the Pieniny Mountains, and his home and professional work in the capital. In Warsaw, as contract lecturer (1948Đ65) at the Faculty of Architecture, Warsaw Technical University, Gerard Cio¸ek taught courses and gave lectures on landscape design and conservation. Additionally, he taught the theory and principles of garden composition at the Department of Horticulture (subsequently Chair of Green Areas Design) at SGGW [the Main School of Rural Economy, today the Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW]. In both Krak—w and Warsaw, Gerard Cio¸ek continued his research in the field of history and theory of gardens, regional architecture, preservation of old buildings and historic monuments, landscape design, and nature protection. In 1957, on a grant from the Ministry of Higher Education, he went on a study tour focused on the principles of park and green areas design. He visited Austria, Switzerland, France and Italy. In 1959, accompanied by his wife, he went on a self-financed two-month trip, this time focused on museums and architecture of the Antiquity, to Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Turkey, Greece, and Austria. In 1962, again on a grant from The Ministry of Higher Education, he spent 5 weeks doing research in Moscow and Leningrad and exploring architecture, town planning and parks in Erevan (Armenia), Tbilisi (Georgia), Sukhumi (Abkhazia), and Sochi, as well as Odessa, Kiev, Zofi—wka and Lviv (Ukraine). Over the 29-year period from 1936 to 1965, Gerard Cio¸ek completed over a hundred projects such as analytical studies, plans and designs for the revitalisation of such palace-park complexes as Arkadia, Baran—w, Choroszcza, Koz¸—wka, Krasiczyn, WarsawŐs Kr—likarnia, üaÄcut, Lubart—w, Niebor—w, Warsaw University gardens, the RaczyÄskisŐ and the Council of MinistersŐ complexes in Warsaw, as well as those in Pszczyna, Pu¸awy, Rogalin, Wilan—w and other places. The years 1938Đ1984 saw the publication of 114 of his articles and books, among them Ogrody polskie [Polish Parks and Gardens] (1954), Zarys historii kompozycji ogrodowej w Polsce [An overview of the history of garden composition in Poland] (1955), Zasady ochrony i kszta¸towania krajobrazu [The principles of landscape protection and design] (1963), Rejestr ogrod—w polskich - Z dziej—w kartografii ogrod—w [The register of Polish garden complexes: from the history of garden cartography] co-authored with A. LiczbiÄski and S. Mi¸oszewski (1965), and, posthumously, with W. Plapis, Materia¸y do s¸ownika tw—rc—w ogrod—w polskich [Materials for the lexicon of Polish garden designers] (1968), and, finally, Regionalizm w budownictwie wiejskim w Polsce [Regionalism in traditional rural architecture in Poland] (1984). The papers left behind by Gerard Cio¸ek were gathered in 1968 into the so-called ŇCio¸ek FilesÓ by Oćrodek Dokumentacji Zabytk—w [Centre for the Documentation of Historic Monuments], today Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa [The National Heritage Institute] in Warsaw. The collection consists of 8500 boxes devoted to individual park complexes of both todayŐs and historic Poland (each box containing bibliographic and archival extracts together with related iconographic materials), 7200 maps and drawings of garden layouts, a specialist book collection of 580 volumes, as well as a collection of 6500 photographic negatives. In all, they occupy over 16,5 metres of shelf space. In February 1966, after being diagnosed by a Warsaw hospital as suffering from a serious but operable heart condition, he went to Zakopane for a respite and a few days of skiing. On Tuesday 15th February, 1966, during his second downhill run from [Mount] Kasprowy Wierch on that day, he died on the ski trail between Hala Gsienicowa and the Kuznice cable car terminus. Gerard Cio¸ek is buried in Warsaw, at the Old Powzki Cemetery, in grave 4, row 9, block 93. His funeral was attended by over 500 mourners from all over Poland.
SELECTED LITERATURE:
Tekst/Text (c) by T. Matthew Cio¸ek, 16 Mar 2016. Translation (c) by Stefan Sikora, 24 Jan 2018. |
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