[This document is a part of the
Asia Web Watch: a
Register of Statistical Data (est. 1 Oct 1997)]
Exploring the Digital Annapurna:
On Monitoring and Mapping of Asian Cyberspace
Dr T. Matthew Ciolek,
Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,
Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
tmciolek@coombs.anu.edu.au
http://www.ciolek.com/PEOPLE/ciolek-tm.html
To be presented at the
International Convention of Asia
Scholars (ICAS),
Noordwijkerhout, Leiden, The Netherlands,
25-28 June 1998
Document created: 15 Jun 1998. Last revised: 16 Jul 2009
0. Abstract
This paper describes uses of the Altavista WWW search engine
for gathering statistical data about online resources
related to Asia. It also offers an analysis of the size,
geographical differences and growth rates of Asian
cyberspace between February 1997 and June 1998.
1. Introduction
This is the fourth paper in a series dedicated to the
description and analysis of the Internet and Asian
Cyberspace. At present very few people collect and
publish statistics about the Internet (Network Wizards 1998,
Zakon 1998), and practically no-one monitors networked
developments pertaining specifically to Asia. Therefore, this series of
papers, despite numerous shortcomings, provides a
much needed glimpse of this vast and uncharted
territory. The three previous papers looked at the following topics:
(a) research uses of WWW search engines (Ciolek 1997a)
(b) quality and research usefulness of Asian Studies WWW materials (Ciolek 1997a, 1997b)
(c) statistical data on internet hosts in the world, and especially in Asia (Ciolek 1997b, 1998b)
(d) statistical data on web servers/pages in the world, and in Asia
(Ciolek 1997a, 1998b)
(e) statistical data on the size and characteristics of the Asian cyberspace (Ciolek 1997a)
(f) provenance of scholarly resources dealing with Asian Studies (Ciolek 1997b, 1998b)
(g) provenance of subscribers to Asia-related mailing lists (Ciolek 1998b)
(h) geographic focus (countries, regions) of Asian Studies web sites (Ciolek 1997a, 1997b)
(i) subject matter of scholarly Web resources dealing with Asia (Ciolek 1997a, 1997b)
(j) time of publication and geographic focus of the Asian Studies web sites (Ciolek 1998b)
The overall aim of this series is three-fold:
(i) to gather, process and publish available statistical data about the Internet and Asia-related resources; (ii)
to identify, test and refine suitable methodologies for such research; and
(iii) to discover possible patterns in the collected materials.
There are two reasons for which these investigations should be conducted.
First, any analysis of contemporary Asia needs to take into
account data on Asia's informational infrastructure. Simply,
we cannot reflect adequately on political and
social change without reference to the ubiquitous electronic
media, telecommunications and the Net-based interactions.
Second, the Internet as a global system of online
information resources, continuously cannibalises and
overwrites its own files and records. It not only updates
and modifies but also obliterates information about itself.
Its palimpsest nature means that in order to understand the
overall context of our electronic activities we have to
either carefully archive and preserve all major
networked publications (Cunningham 1997, Kahle & Bruce
1996) or, more directly, develop for it a set of reliable measures and
statistical summaries.
This short study will continue exploration of the second option.
It will focus on two of the aforementioned topics:
(i) uses of search engines, and (ii) analysis
of the size and characteristics of Asian cyberspace.
2. An Exploratory Mapping of Asian Cyberspace
The term 'Asian Cyberspace' is used here to denote the
global body of Asia-related information available in WWW, as
well as FTP and Gopher formats. For example, any publicly
accesible document mounted online anywhere in the world
which refers to places, personalities, events or
developments anywhere in Asian countries, is by definition,
a part of Asian cyberspace (Ciolek 1997a). The term 'Asia'
is cast here very widely and applies to countries and
territories situated between the Arctic, Pacific and Indian
Oceans, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the
Caucasus, the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains.
The size, organization and geographical distribution, as well as other
characteristics of the informational realm that is Asian cyberspace
can be investigated by means of systematic queries posed to a
suitably comprehensive and adequately speedy WWW search engine.
Admittedly, the use of WWW search engines has its
fundamental problems (Campbell 1997, Koch 1998). These electronic
tools cover only a fraction of the entire WWW (Lawrence
& Giles 1998), and they tend to favour English-language
documents. Also, they do not publish data on
the criteria used for inclusion of web addresses
into their logbooks, and their internal structure is subject to
undocumented modifications. Morevover, contents are constantly
updated, expanded and contracted without any apparent schedule.
In other words,
search engines constitute volatile, unpredictable and
frustrating systems to work with. However, they are
the quickest, and most handy tools for uncovering details of
the world's electronic resources on any conceiveable topic.
Of the tens of hundreds of such databases (Ciolek 1998c)
the largest and fastest one is Altavista (Digital
Corporation 1998a, 1998b). For that reason it was chosen as
the primary tool for my investigations.
Launched in December
1995, Altavista is a free, continuously updated full-text database of
public access hypertext documents. In June 1998 it contained
details of 140 million online documents, that is of
approximately 30-50% of the world's cyberspace (Bharat
& Broder 1998). To maintain its status as the leading
search engine "AltaVista continuously crawls and indexes the
Web - indexing up to 10 million pages daily" (Digital
1998b). The frequency with which Web pages are accessed and
their contents soaked up and digested by the engine is quite
impressive. An analysis perfomed in March 1998 suggests that
about 37% of Altavista's contents were no more than 3 months
old, and 50% of it no more than six months old (Ciolek
1998a, Table 007).
Data presented in the remainder of this paper have been
collected via the following procedure:
(a) Altavista has been queried five times during the last 16 months
about the number of documents
containing 58 individual country-names (i.e. 58 keywords)
from Afghanistan to Yemen. This procedure
yielded information on Asia-related documents which: (i) at the time of
the study were known to the database; (ii) resided on a public access network
anywhere in the world; (iii) contained at least one instance
of the keyword in question, eg. a keyword 'Kuweit' in
September 97 was present in over 38,000 web documents, while
the figure for June 1998 was over 105,000.
(b) Although Altavista provides the opportunity to conduct
queries in a number languages (such as English, French,
German, Spanish, Portugese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean etc.),
this study was limited to documents written in English, that
is to materials comprising the largest bulk of WWW-based
information.
(c) The first query was run in February 1997. It was
repeated in September and December of that year, as well as
in March and June 1998. In other words, from September 1997
onwards data were collected at 3 month intervals. The dates
were selected in order to coincide with the twice-yearly
(January/July) mesurement schedule for Internet hosts
conducted since 1981 by the Network Wizards (1998).
(d) The collected data were
tabulated and placed online as a part of the public access
archive of statistical tables describing developments in
Asia. The archive, called 'Asia
Web Watch: a Register of Statistical Data', is situtated at
the www.ciolek.com/Asia-Web-Watch/main-page.html address.
This procedure was adopted for the
sake of simplicity and speed with which data
could be collected as a part of a one-person
operation. Certainly, the method can be improved
upon. The aim of this series of studies is to
provide a point of departure towards more ambitious and
more reliable statistical inquiries.
3. Asian Cyberspace Statistics: The Initial Findings
Results of our five repeated measurements are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
The volume of WWW information about Asian countries,
as recorded by Altavista database since Feb 97
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Country Feb 97 Sep 97 Dec 97 Mar 98 Jun 98
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
MIDDLE EAST www pages www pages www pages www pages www pages
Afghanistan 30,000 39,000 10,000 53,000 70,000
Bahrain 30,000 36,000 10,000 55,000 64,000
Iran 60,000 85,000 21,000 127,000 167,000
Iraq 20,000 37,000 11,000 105,000 137,000
Israel 500,000 584,000 113,000 578,000 671,000
Jordan 20,000 23,000 70,000 415,000 460,000
Kurdistan 5,000 3,000 1,000 7,000 8,000
Kuwait 30,000 38,000 11,000 94,000 105,000
Lebanon 20,000 90,000 24,000 148,000 168,000
Oman 20,000 27,000 6,000 55,000 60,000
Palestine 20,000 41,000 10,000 61,000 70,000
Qatar 10,000 19,000 5,000 46,000 53,000
Saudi Arabia 30,000 30,000 82,000 98,000 127,000
Syria 20,000 35,000 8,000 68,000 88,000
Turkey 104,000 224,000 53,000 275,000 361,000
United Arab Emirates 10,000 15,000 41,000 51,000 70,000
Yemen 10,000 14,000 4,000 37,000 50,000
TOTAL 939,000 1,340,000 480,000 2,273,000 2,729,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CAUCASUS
Armenia 30,000 40,000 10,000 46,000 60,000
Azerbaijan 10,000 24,000 6,000 33,000 43,000
Chechnya 6,000 9,000 2,000 12,000 13,000
Georgia 4,000 5,000 2,000 3,000 2,000
TOTAL 50,000 78,000 20,000 94,000 118,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
CENTRAL ASIA
Kazakhstan 20,000 17,000 6,000 41,000 54,000
Kyrgyzstan 7,000 8,000 2,000 20,000 29,000
Tajikistan 7,000 8,000 2,000 20,000 26,000
Turkmenistan 7,000 8,000 2,000 25,000 35,000
Uzbekistan 10,000 13,000 4,000 35,000 48,000
TOTAL 51,000 54,000 16,000 141,000 192,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOUTH ASIA
Bangladesh 50,000 61,000 17,000 74,000 96,000
Bhutan 10,000 17,000 5,000 27,000 36,000
India 404,000 628,000 175,000 636,000 776,000
Kashmir 8,000 10,000 4,000 19,000 24,000
Ladakh n/a n/a n/a 3,000 4,000
Maldives 10,000 12,000 3,000 24,000 34,000
Nepal 60,000 62,000 15,000 76,000 99,000
Pakistan 60,000 83,000 31,000 150,000 196,000
Sikkim n/a n/a n/a 4,000 5,000
Sri Lanka 30,000 27,000 80,000 95,000 120,000
TOTAL 632,000 900,000 330,000 1,108,000 1,390,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SOUTH EAST ASIA
Brunei 20,000 30,000 8,000 43,000 56,000
Burma 30,000 43,000 12,000 47,000 58,000
Cambodia 30,000 39,100 13,000 62,000 80,000
East Timor 4,000 4,000 14,000 16,000 21,000
Indonesia 202,000 240,000 57,000 267,000 328,000
Laos 30,000 25,200 7,000 40,000 53,000
Malaysia 202,000 265,000 63,000 270,000 335,000
Philippines 100,000 152,000 41,000 215,000 258,000
Singapore 403,620 591,000 158,000 437,000 536,000
Thailand 202,000 270,000 63,000 272,000 328,000
Vietnam 104,000 202,000 46,000 238,000 293,000
TOTAL 1,327,000 1,861,000 482,000 1,907,000 2,346,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
EAST ASIA
China 710,000 970,000 231,000 845,000 1,110,000
E.Turkistan n/a n/a n/a 981 425
Hong Kong 202,000 175,000 424,000 464,000 559,000
Japan 1,003,000 2,252,000 1,422,000 1,280,000 1,557,000
Korea (North) 10,000 10,000 33,000 39,000 50,000
Korea (South) 20,000 27,000 74,000 90,000 116,000
Macau 20,000 21,000 5,000 29,000 45,000
Mongolia 10,000 22,000 6,000 42,000 57,000
Siberia 10,000 19,000 4,000 32,000 39,000
Taiwan 202,000 294,000 69,000 332,000 406,000
Tibet 39,000 44,000 10,000 49,000 62,000
TOTAL 2,226,000 3,834,000 2,278,000 3,203,000 4,001,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ASIA TOTAL 5,225,000 8,067,000 3,606,000 8,726,000 10,776,000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Ciolek 1998a, Table 003
These data lead to a number of conclusions. Firstly, we can
see that the volume of online information about the Asian
countries is already large.
To illustrate: in June 1998 it amounted to
about 10.8 million Web pages.
Since an average Web
document is about 15 Kb long (Ciolek 1998a, Tables 008 &
009) we can calculate that the total volume of Asia related
information in June 98 was 162Gb. Had this information been
printed, it would generate over 40.5 mln A4 pages. If these
pages were stacked in a
single column of paper, their cumulative height (assuming 5
sheets per mm) would be approximately 8.1 km. In other
words, the current volume of online information pertaining
to Asia is as big as the Himalayan peak, Annapurna (The Times Atlas of the World 1994).
Moreover, this mountain of electronic information continues to grow.
This point will be looked at in some detail later in the paper.
Another two observations which stem from Table 1 pertain to the method of
the data collection.
Column 3 in Table 1 shows that in December 1997 the
there was a large drop in the number of Web pages dealing
with all studied Asian countries. This decline seems to be
caused by the December 1997 reorganisation (Bharat &
Broder 1998) of the Altavista's database operations. This
implies that data collected on the Internet should always be
analysed in context of a series of related observations.
Also, Table 1 raises another issue. The numbers of web pages
about country names which have homonyms suggest that these
cases need to be treated with caution.
For instance, the
number of web pages dealing with the Kingdom of Jordan
appears to be overestimated because the keyword also a
homonym for a number of other geographic locations in
Australia and North America as well as for an Anglo-Saxon
surname. Conversely, the data for Georgia are
underestimated. In our study they are derived from a search
combining keywords 'Georgia' and 'Republic'. This is because
the name of the Caucasian country also refers to the
name of a state in the US as well as to a popular feminine
name. All these homonyms tend to greatly inflate the overall
figures for 'Georgia' and are very difficult to separate
from each other. Similarly, while the use of the capitalised
keywords such as 'China' and 'Turkey' focuses Altavista
searches on materials dealing primarely with the
geographical entities, there is a possibility that they
occasionally point to pages dealing with 'China and
Porcelain' as well as 'Turkey and Ham Dishes'. The best
technique for elimination of these unwelcome side-effects is
not known at the moment. Perhaps some calculations on the
strength of the correlations between frequencies of
occurence of terms 'Jordan/Jordanian', 'Turkey/Turkish' and
so forth could be used here.
3. Asian Cyberspace Statistics: The Detailed Findings
The collected data also throw light on patterns displayed at
the regional level (see Table 2).
Table 2
The volume of WWW information about Asian regions,
as recorded by Altavista database since Feb 97
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Country Feb 97 Sep 97 Dec 97 Mar 98 Jun 98
--------------------------------------------------------------------
MIDDLE EAST 18% 17% 13% 26% 25%
CAUCASUS 1% 1% 0.5% 1% 1%
CENTRAL ASIA 1% 1% 0.5% 2% 2%
SOUTH ASIA 12% 11% 9% 13% 13%
SOUTH EAST ASIA 25% 23% 13% 22% 22%
EAST ASIA 43% 47% 63% 37% 37%
--------------------------------------------------------------------
ASIA TOTAL 100% 100% 99% 101% 100%
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Table 1
Table 2 points to a consistency with which information
about countries of Asia is produced world- wide. While the
overall volume of web pages dealing with countries of the
six geoographical regions listed in Table 2 steadily
increases, the regions' share of that volume remains, fairly
stable.
The growth rates in the Web-based information, however, are
not constant across the regions (Table 3). The lower monthly
percentage rates are characteristic of the online
information on South East Asia and East Asia. Higher and
more energetic rates are displayed by the pages dealing with
countries of the Middle East and Central Asia.
Table 3
The volume and growth of WWW information about Asian regions,
as recorded by Altavista database since Feb 97
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Country Feb 97 Jun 98 Growth
www pages www pages Feb97/Jun98 %/month
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
MIDDLE EAST 939,000 2,729,000 191% 11.9
CAUCASUS 50,000 118,000 136% 8.5
CENTRAL ASIA 51,000 192,000 276% 17.2
SOUTH ASIA 632,000 1,390,000 120% 7.5
SOUTH EAST ASIA 1,327,000 2,346,000 77% 4.8
EAST ASIA 2,226,000 4,001,000 80% 5.0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ASIA TOTAL 5,225,000 10,776,000 106% 6.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: Table 1
A question can also be asked (see Table 4 and 6) about
the largest and the smallest amounts of online information
pertaining to Asian countries.
Table 4
Ten countries discussed by the largest number of web
pages as recorded by Altavista database since Feb 97
---------------------------------------------------
Country Feb 97 Jun 98
---------------------------------------------------
Japan 1,003,000 1,557,000
China 710,000 1,110,000
India 404,000 776,000
Israel 500,000 671,000
Hong Kong 202,000 559,000
Singapore 403,620 536,000
Jordan 20,000 460,000
Taiwan 202,000 406,000
Turkey 104,000 361,000
Indonesia 202,000 328,000
---------------------------------------------------
ASIA TOTAL 5,225,000 10,776,000
---------------------------------------------------
Source: Table 1
Clearly, Japan is the Internet's draw card. In June 1998 it
attracted over 1.5 million of pages or 14.4% of Asia-related
online information. The runner-up is China, with 1.1 million
pages (10.3%). Other countries play a role too, with some of
them, like Jordan, not necessarily meriting their high
placement (see discussion above).
Table 5 provides data on the opposite phenomenon, namely, relative online obscurity.
Table 5
Ten countries discussed by the least number of web
pages as recorded by Altavista database since Feb 97
---------------------------------------------------
Country Feb 97 Jun 98
---------------------------------------------------
E.Turkistan 981* 425
Ladakh 3,000* 4,000
Sikkim 4,000* 5,000
Kurdistan 5,000 8,000
Chechnya 6,000 13,000
East Timor 4,000 21,000
Kashmir 8,000 24,000
Tajikistan 7,000 26,000
Maldives 10,000 34,000
Turkmenistan 7,000 35,000
---------------------------------------------------
ASIA TOTAL 5,225,000 10,776,000
---------------------------------------------------
Source: Table 1
* Data from Mar 1998
Table 5 indicates that subsidiary or geographically isolated areas are
less often discussed on the Web. Also, territories with
'tricky' or inconsistent spellings (e.g. Ladakh, Chechnya,
Tajikistan) may have been underrepresented in our sample because their
names are not standardised.
Information is also available (see Table 6) about the growth
rates for the cyberspace dealing with individual Asian
countries.
Table 6
The growth in the volume of WWW information about Asian
countries, as recorded by Altavista database since Feb 97
--------------------------------------------------------
Country % growth/month*
--------------------------------------------------------
Singapore 2.0
Israel 2.1
Japan 3.4
China 3.5
Tibet 3.7
Kurdistan 3.7
Indonesia 3.8
Thailand 3.8
Malaysia 4.0
Nepal 4.0
Laos 4.7
Bangladesh 5.7
India 5.7
Burma 5.8
Armenia 6.2**
Taiwan 6.2**
Bahrain 7.0
Chechnya 7.3
Macau 7.8
Afghanistan 8.3
Sikkim 8.3***
Philippines 9.8
Cambodia 10.4
Kazakhstan 10.6
Hong Kong 11.0
Ladakh 11.0***
Iran 11.1
Brunei 11.2
Vietnam 11.3
Kashmir 12.5
Oman 12.5
Pakistan 14.1
Maldives 15.0
Turkey 15.4
Kuwait 15.6
Palestine 15.6
Bhutan 16.2
Tajikistan 16.9
Siberia 18.1
Sri Lanka 18.7
Kyrgyzstan 19.6
Saudi Arabia 20.1
Azerbaijan 20.6
Syria 21.2
Uzbekistan 23.7
Korea (North) 25.0
Turkmenistan 25.0
Yemen 25.0
East Timor 26.5
Qatar 26.8
Mongolia 29.3
Korea (South) 30.0
Iraq 36.5
United Arab Emirates 37.5
Lebanon 46.2
Jordan ??
Georgia ??
E.Turkistan -19.0
--------------------------------------------------------
ASIA TOTAL 6.6*
--------------------------------------------------------
Source: Table 1
* averaged over 16 months, Feb 97 - Jun 98
** growth rate 8.3% means doubling the volume during the 12 month period
*** average for 3 months Mar-Jun 98
Table 6 shows that the least dynamic sets of information are
those about Sinagpore, Israel, Japan and
China. Meanwhile, rapid expansion is shown by documents on Saudi Arabia,
Azerbaijan, Syria, Uzbekistan, Korea (North), Turkmenistan,
Yemen, East Timor, Qatar, Mongolia, Korea (South), Iraq,
United Arab Emirates, and Lebanon.
Calculations (not presented here) show that there is no
direct relationship whatsoever between the simple volume of
existing information and the rate with which such
information is placed online. The reasons behind these
differential production rates appear to be more complex and
possibly involve a combination of factors. These could
include, in addition to the the volume of existing
information, the length of experience with and intensity of
use of the Internet by residents of a given country; the
country's role in the global affairs as well as its current
media 'sexiness' and newsworthiness.
4. Conclusions
The main implications of this study can be summarised as follows:
- Systematic and fairly rigorous research on the size
and character of Asian Cyberspace is possible with current tools;
- The existing research techniques and tools can
perfected. More understanding of the mechanics of Altavista,
and similar large-scale online databases, is necessary;
- The existing methodology needs to be refined and
improved upon, especially in the area of handling homonyms;
- The effective research procedures need be standardised
and documented so that all investigators can
study the cyberspace with the same tools applied in the same way;
- Data collection processes, hitherto conducted as
manual, time-consuming operations, should be automated and
run at standardized and regular intervals;
- The data collection/analysis operations need be carried out over several years so that
extensive, and therefore more indicative, time-series are collected;
- Findings should be correlated and integrated with the
findings of other studies of the Internet, as well as with
demographical, economic, telecomunication indices for the
target countries;
- Results, in form of tables of data, plus all necessary methodological notes,
need to be published online so that replication of efforts is avoided.
It is obvious that dependable data on the Internet and
Asia-related information resources cannot be satisfactorly
collected and interpreted by one or two people, regardless
how hard and fast they might work. These studies should be
carried out as a long-term, systematic, international and
collaborative effort. Just like it is with demography,
linguistics or economics, these responsibilities need to
shared by research teams whose operations are sponsored by
major educational, government and business bodies at both
national and international levels.
5. Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Monika Ciolek
for her valuable advice on the earlier version of this
paper.
6. About the Author
Dr T. Matthew Ciolek, a social scientist, heads the
Internet Publications Bureau, Research School
Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National
University, Canberra, Australia. Since December 1991 he has
been responsible for making the RSPAS' electronic research
materials available to the Internet community via FTP-,
WAIS-, Gopher-, Web- and email-based technologies, and is one
of the world's pioneers in electronic communication
regarding the Asia-Pacific region. His work and contact details
can be found online at
http://www.ciolek.com/PEOPLE/ciolek-tm.html
7. References
[The great volatility of online information means that some of the URLs listed
below may change by the time this article is printed. The date in round brackets indicates
the version of the document in question. For current pointers please
consult the online copy of this paper at
http://www.ciolek.com/PAPERS/leiden-98.html
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[the original 1997 URL has changed some time ago from "www.hamline.edu/library/bush/handouts/comparisons.html" to
web.hamline.edu/Administration/Libraries/search/comparisons.html
Many thanks to Ms Laura Parker of teachersguild.org for drawing my attention in Jul 2009 to the disappearance of the originally reported link.]
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info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html
visitors to www.ciolek.com since 08 May 1997.
Maintainer: Dr T. Matthew Ciolek (tmciolek@ciolek.com)
Copyright (c) 1998 by T. Matthew Ciolek. All rights reserved. This Web page may be freely linked
to other Web pages. Contents may not be republished, altered or plagiarized.
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